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किशोर पंवार

इस पौधे की पहचान है इसकी दोरंगी पत्तियाँ जिनकी ऊपरी सतह गहरी हरी और निचली चमकदार जामुनी होती हैं। पत्तियों के दोरंगी होने के कारण ही इसका एक नाम रोहियो बायकलर (Rhoeo bicolour) या रोहियो डिसकलर (Rhoeo discolour) पड़ा है। इस पौधे का दूसरा नाम है रोहियो स्पेथेसिया। यह मैक्सिको का मूल निवासी है परन्तु इसकी पत्तियों की सुन्दरता और जीव विज्ञान में उपयोगिता के चलते इसे बाग-बगीचों व स्कूल-कॉलेज में बहुतायत में लगाया जाता है। यह पौधा लगभग एक फीट ऊँचा होता है जिसमें प्रमुखता से लम्बी-चौड़ी बड़ी-बड़ी पत्तियाँ-ही-पत्तियाँ दिखाई देती हैं। ये सर्पिल क्रम में एक मोटे-से मांसल तने पर लगी होती हैं। इस सुन्दर पौधे को आमतौर पर गमलों में ही लगाया जाता है।

पौधे के परिपक्व होने पर इसकी पत्तियों की कोख से छोटे-छोटे सफेद फूल नाव आकार के बड़े-बड़े ब्रेक्ट (Spath) से झाँकते दिखाई देते हैं। इसका सामान्य नाम है ‘मॉसेस-इन-द-क्रेडल’। यह नाम लगता है इसके पुष्पक्रम को देखकर दिया गया है - जैसे स्पेथ से बने झूले से मॉसेस झाँक रहे हों; दरअसल, इसके सूखे फूल मॉस जैसे दिखते हैं। मॉस जिन्हें बरसात के दिनों में नम जगहों और बगीचे की ईंटों पर एक मखमली पर्त के रूप में उगा देखा जा सकता है। बागवानी में कमज़ोर बेलों जैसे मनीप्लान्ट आदि को सहारे एवं पर्याप्त नमी उपलब्ध कराने के लिए इन्हीं पौधों से मॉसस्टिक बनाई जाती है।

रोहियो के सफेद रंग के एक-दो फूल रोज़ सुबह खिलते हैं। फूलों में छह सफेद रंग की पंखुड़ियाँ होती हैं (वैसे इन्हें पंखुड़ियों की बजाय परिदल कहना ज़्यादा ठीक है क्योंकि जब अंखुड़ियों और पंखुड़ियों में रंगभेद नहीं होता तब उन्हें परिदल कहते हैं।)। छह पुंकेसर होते हैं जिनके शीर्ष पर पीले रंग के परागकोष लगे रहते हैं। पुंकेसर के तन्तु लम्बे, सफेद और रोएँदार होते हैं। कुल मिलाकर इसके फूल एक-बीजपत्री पौधों का सही प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं। फूल ट्रायमेरस (त्रितयी) होते हैं जिनमें पुष्प के सभी अंग तीन-तीन के समूहों में पाए जाते हैं यानी रोहियो बायकलर एक-बीजपत्री (मोनोकॉट) शाकीय पौधा है।

आमतौर पर इस पौधे को स्कूल-कॉलेज में इसके पुंकेसरीय रोमों में जीवद्रव्य की गति देखने के लिए उपयोगी माना जाता है। इसकी पत्तियों का उपयोग जीवद्रव्य संकुचन (Plasmolysis) के प्रयोगों में भी किया जाता है। पिछले 15-20 सालों से मैं इस पौधे का प्रयोग स्नातक एवं स्नातकोत्तर प्रायोगिक कक्षाओं में करवा रहा हूँ। इस शानदार-जानदार पौधे का उपयोग कर एक-दो नहीं बल्कि जीव विज्ञान से सम्बन्धित पूरे दस प्रयोग करवाए जा सकते हैं। मेरा मानना है कि यह पौधा हर स्कूल और कॉलेज में होना ही चाहिए। जिस तरह बिना आलू-प्याज़ के जीव विज्ञान की प्रयोगशाला अधूरी है उसी तरह रोहियो के बिना भी जीव विज्ञान की प्रयोगशाला पूरी नहीं हो सकती।
आइए देखें इससे कौन-कौन-से प्रयोग किए जा सकते हैं।

प्रयोग-1: पत्तियों में रंग
पत्तियों का एक प्रमुख कार्य है हवा का आदान-प्रदान। दरअसल, हवा में विद्यमान कुछ गैसें जैसे ऑक्सीजन, कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड आदि पत्तियों के रास्ते पौधों के अन्दर प्रवेश करती हैं। परन्तु कैसे? यह देखने के लिए आइए सर्वप्रथम इसकी पत्ती की ऊपरी और निचली परत को ज़ोर से झटके के साथ तिरछा फाड़ने की कोशिश करें। फाड़ने पर पत्ती के कुछ टुकड़ों मेंे झिल्लीनुमा निचली जामुनी परत और कुछ में ऊपरी हरी परत नज़र आएगी।
इस झिल्लीनुमा जामुनी परत पर पानी की एक बूँद रखकर स्लाइड बनाएँ और माइक्रोस्कोप से इसे देखें। जो आपको दिखाई देंगी वे रोहियो की पत्ती की त्वचा (एपिडर्मिस) की कोशिकाएँ हैं। इनमें जो जामुनी रंग का द्रव्य भरा है वह एक विशेष पदार्थ (रंजक) ऐन्थोसायनिन है। पत्तियों की निचली परत को जामुनी रंग देने के लिए यही पदार्थ ज़िम्मेवार है।

प्रयोग-2: स्टोमेटा
प्रयोग-1 में बनाई गई स्लाइड को ध्यान से देखने पर रंगीन कोशिकाओं के बीच में कुछ हरे रंग की रचनाएँ दिखाई देती हैं, जिन्हें देखने पर ऐसा लगता है मानो कोशिका को बीच में से चीर दिया गया हो। ध्यान से देखने पर इनके बीच में एक दरार-सी दिखाई देगी। इस दरार में कुछ जगह ऐसा लगेगा कि नीचे से प्रकाश आ रहा है, और कुछ जगह यह दरार काली-सी नज़र आएगी। वस्तुत: ये पत्तियों की त्वचा में बने वे सूक्ष्म छिद्र हैं जिनसे पत्तियों में हवा का आना-जाना चलता रहता है। इन्हें स्टोमेटा कहते हैं। प्रत्येक स्टोमेटा काजू या सेम के आकार की दो विशिष्ट कोशिकाओं के मिलने से बनता है। इन्हीं स्टोमेटा के छिद्र या स्टोमा के द्वारा विसरण की क्रिया से प्रकाश संश्लेषण के लिए ज़रूरी कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड और श्वसन के लिए आवश्यक ऑक्सीजन पत्तियों में प्रवेश करती है। और इन्हीं के द्वारा दिन में प्रकाश संश्लेषण की क्रिया में बनने वाली ऑक्सीजन बाहर निकलती है जिससे वायुमण्डल में इन गैसों का सन्तुलन बना रहता है।

प्रयोग-3: क्लोरोप्लास्ट
प्रयोग-2 में देखे गए स्टोमेटा को यदि माइक्रोस्कोप के उच्च आवर्धन क्षमता वाले लेन्स से देखें तो सेम जैसे दिखने वाले दो सेल जिन्हें गार्ड सेल कहते हैं, में आपको तीन-चार हरे रंग की गोल या चकती-नुमा रचनाएँ दिखेंगी। यही क्लोरोप्लास्ट है जो पौधों में भोजन निर्माण के लिए आवश्यक होता है। इनकी रचनाओं में वह जादुई पदार्थ भरा होता है जिसे दुनिया क्लोरोफिल कहती है। इसी क्लोरोफिल के कारण क्लोरोप्लास्ट और प्रकारान्तर से पूरी पत्ती हमें हरी दिखाई देती है।

क्लोरोप्लास्ट पत्ती की ऊपरी सतह से बनाई गई स्लाइड में भी देखा जा सकता है। वहाँ क्लोरोप्लास्ट पत्तियों की क्लोरेन-कायमेटस कोशिकाओं में भरा होता है।

प्रयोग-4: पत्ती की रचना
आपने प्रयोग एक और दो में पत्ती की ऊपरी और निचली त्वचा (एपिडर्मिस) को तो देख ही लिया है। आइए, अब पत्ती के अन्दर क्या है यह पता लगाएँ। इसके लिए आपको पत्ती की पतली काट लेनी होगी। ऐसा करने के लिए पत्ती को ब्लेड से चित्र में दर्शाए अनुसार टुकड़ों में काट लें। अब एक टुकड़ा हाथ में लेकर उसका एक रोल ऐसे बनाएँ कि पत्ती की जामुनी सतह अन्दर की तरफ चली जाए। फिर इस रोल को दबा दें। पत्ती की पतली काट काटने के लिए इस दबे हुए रोल को अंगुली और अँगूठे के बीच में रखकर किसी नई ब्लेड से पतले-पतले सेक्शन काट लें।

सबसे पतले (पारदर्शी) सेक्शन को स्लाइड पर रखकर उसे माइक्रोस्कोप के कम और अधिक क्षमता वाले लेन्स से देखें।

जो दिखे उसका चित्र बनाएँ और उसकी तुलना यहाँ दिए चित्र से करें। आपने पत्ती का एक वी.एल.एस. (यानी वर्टीकल लाँगीट्यूडिनल सेक्शन) यानी पत्ती की एक आड़ी काट ली है। इस काट में पत्ती की ऊपरी और निचली सतह को आप कैसे पहचानेंगे, अपने पूर्व अनुभव यानी प्रयोग-1 के आधार पर बताइए। पत्ती की इन कटानों में क्लोरोप्लास्ट से युक्त कोशिकाएँ ढूँढ़िए। इन कटानों में कहीं-कहीं आपको पत्ती की शिरा (Vein) का कटा हुआ हिस्सा भी दिखाई देगा। उसे ध्यान से देखिए और चित्र से मिलान कर उसकी कोशिकाओं की रचना की तुलना हरी कोशिकाओं से करिए।

प्रयोग-5: कोशिका में लवणों के क्रिस्टल
प्रयोग-4 में काटी गई पत्ती की काट को ध्यान से देखने पर कुछ कोशिकाओं के अन्दर आपको सुई जैसी रचनाएँ भरी दिखाई देंगी। यही रेफाइड हैं। ये कैल्शियम ऑक्ज़लेट के रवे हैं जो कोशिकाओं में ऐसे पड़े रहते हैं जैसे सुई के बण्डल। हालाँकि ये सुइयाँ दोनों तरफ से तीखी होती हैं। ऐसी सुइयाँ रोहियो के तने में भी होती हैं। रोहियो के अलावा इस तरह के रवे मनीप्लान्ट और अरबी के पत्तों तथा कन्द में भी बड़ी मात्रा में मिलते हैं। यदि आपने गौर किया हो तो कभी-कभार अरबी के पत्ते या कन्द की सब्ज़ी खाते समय कहीं कुछ सुइयाँ आपके गले में चुभी तो नहीं थीं? अपने बुज़ुर्गों से यह भी पूछिए कि अरबी के काँटे (सुइयाँ) जब गले में तकलीफ दें तो क्या करना चाहिए। क्या उन सुइयों और रोहियो के रवों में कोई समानता तो नहीं है?

फिलहाल रोहियो के साथ इतने ही प्रयोग करेंगे। ये प्रयोग रोहियो की पत्ती की बाहरी एवं आन्तरिक रचना को समझने के लिए हैं। इन्हें करते हुए आपको यह भी समझ आ गया होगा कि रोहियो की पत्ती दोरंगी क्यों है। और यह भी कि बाहर से तो पत्ती ठोस दिखती है परन्तु अन्दर कितनी पोलम-पोल है।
पत्तियों की कार्यप्रणाली को समझने के लिए शेष पाँच प्रयोग अगले अंक में पढ़ेंगे और करके देखेंगे।

(अगले अंक में जारी)


किशोर पंवार: होल्कर साइन्स कॉलेज, इन्दौर में वनस्पति विज्ञान पढ़ाते हैं। विज्ञान लेखन एवं नवाचार में रुचि।

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  • afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Books) (26.94KB) (725μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Books) (704B) (7μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_menu (Books) (12.18KB) (661μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (32B) (71μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (53.14KB) (538μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (704B) (6μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (12.05KB) (510μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (1.89KB) (73μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (16.7KB) (1.26ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (704B) (8μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (8.75KB) (438μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (7.7KB) (62μs)
  • Before Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (54.08KB) (1.35ms)
  • After Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (6.95KB) (50μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (28.56KB) (6.72ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (704B) (12μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (14.04KB) (798μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_search (Search module) (8.53KB) (105μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_search (Search module) (2.59KB) (114μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_search (Search module) (720B) (3μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_search (Search module) (1.26KB) (132μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (2.41KB) (47μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (14.52KB) (756μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (704B) (9μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (1.21KB) (142μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (1.95KB) (28μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (19.65KB) (416μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (736B) (5μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (12.23KB) (84μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (search 22) (352B) (19μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (search 22) (237.79KB) (3.85ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_finder (search 22) (720B) (15μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_finder (search 22) (1.23KB) (179μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (672B) (28μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (253.09KB) (10.22ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (736B) (14μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (1.23KB) (196μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (56B) (91μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (944B) (37μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (720B) (3μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (1.23KB) (70μs)
  • afterRender (303.45KB) (4.73ms)
  • 1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu () (1.99MB) (33.66%)
    74.45ms
    1 x afterRenderComponent com_content (639.66KB) (16.18%)
    35.78ms
    1 x afterInitialise (1.31MB) (9.81%)
    21.70ms
    1 x After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (3.54MB) (6.5%)
    14.38ms
    1 x afterRoute (3.17MB) (5.73%)
    12.68ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (253.09KB) (4.62%)
    10.22ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu () (1.13MB) (4.29%)
    9.48ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (28.56KB) (3.04%)
    6.72ms
    1 x afterRender (303.45KB) (2.14%)
    4.73ms
    1 x beforeRenderComponent com_content (73.16KB) (1.78%)
    3.95ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (search 22) (237.79KB) (1.74%)
    3.85ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu () (26.45KB) (1.33%)
    2.95ms
    1 x After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (119.27KB) (0.96%)
    2.11ms
    1 x afterLoad (541.98KB) (0.81%)
    1.79ms
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (54.08KB) (0.61%)
    1.35ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (16.7KB) (0.57%)
    1.26ms
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu (More) (12.94KB) (0.4%)
    894μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu (Magazine) (12.3KB) (0.38%)
    834μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Gallery) (13.38KB) (0.37%)
    812μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (14.04KB) (0.36%)
    798μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (34.2KB) (0.35%)
    777μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (14.52KB) (0.34%)
    756μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Books) (26.94KB) (0.33%)
    725μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu (Books) (12.18KB) (0.3%)
    661μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (More) (19.64KB) (0.3%)
    656μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (53.14KB) (0.24%)
    538μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (12.05KB) (0.23%)
    510μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (More) (12.04KB) (0.21%)
    460μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (8.75KB) (0.2%)
    438μs
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:1505 name:com_content.article.1209) (258.8KB) (0.19%)
    423μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (19.65KB) (0.19%)
    416μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu (Magazine) (21.47KB) (0.15%)
    330μs
    1 x afterDispatch (2.28KB) (0.12%)
    262μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (1.23KB) (0.09%)
    196μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:1505 name:com_content.article.1209) (8.47KB) (0.08%)
    184μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_menu () (65.22KB) (0.08%)
    182μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_finder (search 22) (1.23KB) (0.08%)
    179μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu () (26.88KB) (0.08%)
    177μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu () (26.27KB) (0.08%)
    172μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (1.21KB) (0.06%)
    142μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_search (Search module) (1.26KB) (0.06%)
    132μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu (Gallery) (2.98KB) (0.05%)
    121μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_search (Search module) (2.59KB) (0.05%)
    114μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_search (Search module) (8.53KB) (0.05%)
    105μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (56B) (0.04%)
    91μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (12.23KB) (0.04%)
    84μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (Gallery) (16B) (0.04%)
    79μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu () (24.48KB) (0.03%)
    77μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (1.89KB) (0.03%)
    73μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_menu () (1.64KB) (0.03%)
    72μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (Books) (32B) (0.03%)
    72μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (32B) (0.03%)
    71μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (1.23KB) (0.03%)
    70μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (7.7KB) (0.03%)
    62μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (Magazine) (32B) (0.03%)
    60μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu () (24.38KB) (0.03%)
    57μs
    3 x beforeRenderModule mod_menu () (696B) (0.02%)
    51μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (6.95KB) (0.02%)
    50μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (2.41KB) (0.02%)
    47μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (4.16KB) (0.02%)
    39μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (944B) (0.02%)
    37μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (1.95KB) (0.01%)
    28μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (672B) (0.01%)
    28μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Gallery) (704B) (0.01%)
    20μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (search 22) (352B) (0.01%)
    19μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_finder (search 22) (720B) (0.01%)
    15μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_jfilters_filters (JFilters Filters) (736B) (0.01%)
    14μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Articles) (704B) (0.01%)
    12μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_breadcrumbs (Breadcrumb) (704B) (0%)
    9μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_related_items (Related Articles) (704B) (0%)
    8μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_menu (More) (704B) (0%)
    7μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Books) (704B) (0%)
    7μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Magazine) (704B) (0%)
    6μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Eklavya) (704B) (0%)
    6μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_menu (Search test Menu in content top) (736B) (0%)
    5μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_search (Search (Top)) (720B) (0%)
    3μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_search (Search module) (720B) (0%)
    3μs
143 statements were executed, 3 of which were duplicates, 140 unique74.02ms3.54MB
  • SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode;153μs1.57KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:334Copy
  • SELECT `data` FROM `j4_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?372μs1.61KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:261Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `j4_session` WHERE `session_id` = :session_id LIMIT 1289μs1.61KBParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:187Copy
  • INSERT INTO `j4_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) VALUES (:session_id, :guest, :time, :user_id, :username, :client_id)402μs944BParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:260Copy
  • SELECT `extension_id` AS `id`,`element` AS `option`,`params`,`enabled` FROM `j4_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'component' AND `state` = 0 AND `enabled` = 1744μs2.36KB/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:399Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`rules` FROM `j4_viewlevels`341μs976B/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:955Copy
  • SELECT `b`.`id` FROM `j4_usergroups` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `j4_usergroups` AS `b` ON `b`.`lft` <= `a`.`lft` AND `b`.`rgt` >= `a`.`rgt` WHERE `a`.`id` = :guest477μs1.63KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:868Copy
  • SELECT `folder` AS `type`,`element` AS `name`,`params` AS `params`,`extension_id` AS `id` FROM `j4_extensions` WHERE `enabled` = 1 AND `type` = 'plugin' AND `state` IN (0,1) AND `access` IN (:preparedArray1) ORDER BY `ordering`1.36ms4.27KBParams/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:294Copy
  • SELECT * FROM j4_rsform_config250μs2.56KB/administrator/components/com_rsform/helpers/config.php:52Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`menutype`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`alias`,`m`.`note`,`m`.`link`,`m`.`type`,`m`.`level`,`m`.`language`,`m`.`browserNav`,`m`.`access`,`m`.`params`,`m`.`home`,`m`.`img`,`m`.`template_style_id`,`m`.`component_id`,`m`.`parent_id`,`m`.`path` AS `route`,`e`.`element` AS `component` FROM `j4_menu` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `j4_extensions` AS `e` ON `m`.`component_id` = `e`.`extension_id` WHERE ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `m`.`parent_id` > 0 AND `m`.`client_id` = 0) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :currentDate1)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :currentDate2) ORDER BY `m`.`lft`2.01ms167.05KBParams/libraries/src/Menu/SiteMenu.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `j4_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `j4_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`5.07ms2.15MBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `j4_languages` WHERE `published` = 1 ORDER BY `ordering` ASC450μs2.22KB/libraries/src/Language/LanguageHelper.php:142Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`home`,`template`,`s`.`params`,`inheritable`,`parent` FROM `j4_template_styles` AS `s` LEFT JOIN `j4_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `s`.`template` AND `e`.`type` = 'template' AND `e`.`client_id` = `s`.`client_id` WHERE `s`.`client_id` = 0 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1624μs1.14KB/administrator/components/com_templates/src/Model/StyleModel.php:773Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `j4_assets` WHERE `name` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7,:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9,:preparedArray10,:preparedArray11,:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13,:preparedArray14,:preparedArray15,:preparedArray16,:preparedArray17,:preparedArray18,:preparedArray19,:preparedArray20,:preparedArray21,:preparedArray22,:preparedArray23,:preparedArray24,:preparedArray25,:preparedArray26,:preparedArray27,:preparedArray28,:preparedArray29,:preparedArray30,:preparedArray31,:preparedArray32,:preparedArray33,:preparedArray34,:preparedArray35,:preparedArray36,:preparedArray37,:preparedArray38,:preparedArray39,:preparedArray40,:preparedArray41,:preparedArray42,:preparedArray43,:preparedArray44,:preparedArray45,:preparedArray46,:preparedArray47)1.27ms8.12KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:357Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `j4_assets` WHERE `name` LIKE :asset OR `name` = :extension OR `parent_id` = 05.68ms345.8KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:301Copy
  • SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `j4_content`1.32ms2.39KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:625Copy
  • UPDATE `j4_content` SET `hits` = (`hits` + 1) WHERE `id` = '1209'1.91ms2.55KB/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1325Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `j4_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `j4_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `j4_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `j4_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `j4_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `j4_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)1.04ms56.63KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `j4_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `j4_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`8.42ms21.19KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `j4_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `j4_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1)1.1ms5.2KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `j4_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `j4_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`3.54ms21.19KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM j4_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `j4_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN j4_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN j4_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN j4_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN j4_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `j4_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC654μs6.06KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `j4_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `j4_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`3.72ms21.19KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT m.id, m.title, m.module, m.position, m.content, m.showtitle, m.params,am.params AS extra, 0 AS menuid, m.publish_up, m.publish_down FROM j4_modules AS m LEFT JOIN j4_extensions AS e ON e.element = m.module AND e.client_id = m.client_id LEFT JOIN j4_advancedmodules as am ON am.module_id = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND e.enabled = 1 AND m.client_id = 0 ORDER BY m.position, m.ordering914μs50.67KB/plugins/system/advancedmodules/src/Helper.php:191Copy
  • SELECT m.condition_id,m.item_id FROM j4_conditions_map as m LEFT JOIN j4_conditions as c ON c.id = m.condition_id WHERE `m`.`extension` = 'com_advancedmodules' AND `c`.`published` = 1430μs1.75KB/administrator/components/com_conditions/src/Model/ItemModel.php:821Copy
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  • SELECT a.params FROM j4_advancedmodules AS a WHERE a.module_id = 224213μs840B/plugins/system/advancedmodules/src/Helper.php:151Copy
  • SELECT `name`,`element` FROM `j4_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'plugin' AND `folder` = 'finder' AND `enabled` = 1459μs1KB/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Helper/LanguageHelper.php:135Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `j4_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1)303μs936B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:314Copy
  • SELECT a.id, a.parent_id, a.config_name, a.name, a.context, a.label, a.alias, a.display, a.state, a.access, a.root, a.ordering, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.created_time, a.updated_time, a.language,`a`.`attribs` AS `attributes` FROM `j4_jfilters_filters` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3) ORDER BY a.ordering ASC447μs4.52KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `j4_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1324μs1.68KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:466Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `j4_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?189μs1.63KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `j4_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?319μs912BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy
    Select and listen